Shoring is the process of temporarily supporting a building, vessel, structure, or trench with shores (props) when in danger of collapse or during repairs or alterations. Shoring comes from shore, a timber or metal prop. Shoring may be vertical, angled, or horizontal..
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What is surface excavation?
surface excavation is simply the excavation of surface soil up to a depth of 150 to 200 CM. Surface excavation is mainly used for civil construction and geotechnical purposes. The soil exposed to climatic conditions is analyzed with RS2 for stress deformation, surface design, and stability of the soil.
What is underpinning in construction?
Underpinning is a process whereby additional support is laid below ground level to strengthen a building’s existing foundations.
What is trench excavation?
Trench excavation
A trench is an excavation in which the length greatly exceeds the depth. Shallow trenches are usually considered to be less than 6 m deep, and deep trenches greater than 6 m. Trench, or footing, excavation is typically used to form strip foundations, buried services, and so on.
What is subsurface excavation?
Subsurface excavation means shafts and underground workings but does not include excavations associated with the exploration, development, and production of oil, gas, or geothermal sources and does not include excavations designed to serve as permanent tunnels.
What is subsurface work?
Subsurface Work means disturbance of existing ground surface at a depth greater than twelve (12) inches.
What is Sue in construction?
Many States utilize consultants to identify the quality of subsurface utility information needed for highway plans, and to acquire and manage that level of information during the development of highway projects. This engineering practice is known as Subsurface Utility Engineering (SUE).
What is surface dressing in excavation?
(a) Surface dressing:- Trimming of natural ground, excavated surface and filled up area to remove vegetation and/ or small inequalities not exceeding 15 cm deep shall be described as surface dressing and measured in square meters.
What is the depth of foundation? minimum depth of foundation:– minimum depth of foundation is around 5 feet for a small residential building from ground level or at least 1.50 times the width of footing. In cold climates the depth of footing is Kept at a minimum of 1.50m below surface because of possible frost action.
What is the basic types of shoring?
There are two basic types of shoring, timber and aluminum hydraulic.
What is foundation excavation?
Excavation and foundation work procedure is the preliminary activity of the construction project It starts from digging pits for the building foundations work procedure and continues up to the handing over of the project.
What are the 3 types of soil?
Soil can be classified into three primary types based on its texture – sand, silt and clay. However, the percentage of these can vary, resulting in more compound types of soil such as loamy sand, sandy clay, silty clay, etc.
What is type AB and C soil?
Type B soil has medium unconfined compressive strength; between 0.5 and 1.5 tons per square foot. Examples of Type B soil include angular gravel, silt, silt loam, and soils that are fissured or near sources of vibration, but could otherwise be Type A. Type C soil is the least stable type of soil.
What is PCC construction?
The objective of plain cement concrete alias PCC is to arrange a firm impermeable bed to RCC in the foundation where the soil is soft and flexible. It is mostly applied over brick flat soling or devoid of brick flat soling. It is also known as Cement Concrete (CC) or Blinding Concrete.
Why PCC is done? The main reason of providing PCC is to provide a rigid impervious bed to RCC in the foundation before starting any RCC or masonry work directly on the excavated soil, PCC is done to form a leveled surface and to avoid laying concrete on soil directly so as to avoid mixing with soil and also to prevent soil extracting
What are the 4 classifications of soil?
OSHA classifies soils into four categories: Solid Rock, Type A, Type B, and Type C. Solid Rock is the most stable, and Type C soil is the least stable. Soils are typed not only by how cohesive they are, but also by the conditions in which they are found.
What is C soil? Type C Soils are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) or less. Other Type C soils include granular soils such as gravel, sand and loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from which water is freely seeping, and submerged rock that is not stable.
What is shoring and underpinning?
The arrangement employed to prevent a damaged structure, due to either foundation settlement or other reasons from collapse, is called shoring. Shoring and underpinning. The arrangement employed to prevent a damaged structure, due to either foundation settlement or other reasons from collapse, is called shoring.
What depth do you need shoring?
Trenches 5 feet (1.5 meters) deep or greater require a protective system unless the excavation is made entirely in stable rock. If less than 5 feet deep, a competent person may determine that a protective system is not required.
What is underpinning in excavation?
Underpinning is strengthening and reinforcing an existing foundation of a structure, typically by extending the depth and breadth of the foundation. Underpinning gets its name because the underpinning procedure is performed in stages so as not to compromise the entirety of the structure’s integrity at once.
What is scaffolding and underpinning?
Definitions. – It’s a temporary structure to provide a platform at. different levels of a building for workers and Materials. – It is used when height of wall or column or other. structural member of a building exceeds about 1.5m.
How is underpinning done?
The most common method is traditional mass concrete underpinning – a simple technique that involves excavating a segment of ground below the existing building foundation in controlled stages, to a depth where suitable bearing strata exists.
Which method is used for underpinning?
Mass Concrete Underpinning Method (Pit Method)
Mass concrete underpinning method is the traditional method of underpinning, as it has been followed by centuries. The method involves extending the old foundation till it reaches a stable stratum.
At what depth is shoring required?
Trenches 5 feet (1.5 meters) deep or greater require a protective system unless the excavation is made entirely in stable rock. If less than 5 feet deep, a competent person may determine that a protective system is not required.
What is basement excavation? Basement excavation is the process of removing dirt, rock, and other debris to create space for a basement. Typically it is the first step in building work, as excavated material gets displaced, leaving a hole in the ground where a home’s basement will be built.
What type of soil is best for construction?
Loam is the best soil type for construction due to its ideal combination of silt, sand, and clay. It combines the best of all their qualities into the ideal balance for supporting a foundation. Loam generally does not shift, expand, or shrink drastically and handles the presence of water very well.